l-carnitine side effects fishy odor nausea diarrhea DL-Carnitine | C7H15NO3 | CID 288 Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplement: Uses, Benefits, Side

Ivanov AV, Valuev-Elliston VT, Ivanova ON, Kochetkov SN, Starodubova ES, Bartosch B, et al

Similar content being viewed by others Log in or create a free account to read this content Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com or Abbreviations ROS: reactive oxygen species SOD: superoxide dismutase GSH: reduced glutathione GSSG: glutathione disulfide GS-R: glutathione mixed disulfide with protein thiols Trx: thioredoxin NO: nitric oxide GRX: glutaredoxin RNS: reactive nitrogen species Yap1: yeast activating protein 1 NES: nuclear export signal AP-1: activating protein 1 NF- B: nuclear factor- B HSF1: heat shock factor 1 Ref-1: Redox factor 1 STPK: serine/threonine protein kinases MAP kinase: mitogen-activated protein kinase TGF- : tumor growth factor- PTK: protein tyrosine kinase EGF-R: epidermal growth factor receptor VEGF-R: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor IGF-R: insulin-like growth factor receptor PKC: protein kinase C CDK: cyclin dependent kinase JNK: c-Jun-N-terminal kinase Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2 MDM2: murine double minute 2 ASK1: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 MKK: MAP kinase kinase GST: glutathione- S -transferase PTPase: protein tyrosine phosphatases References McCord JM and Fridovich I (1969) Superoxide dismutase

As the oral route is not very good for glutathione absorption to replenish lost supplies, there are other ways to do so

An estimated 5% to 12% of VMT will progress on to full thickness macular hole

Parker CT, Tindall BJ, GM Garrity