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Other gene mutations include those in the: HJV gene (hemojuvelin ) HAMP gene (hepcidin) TFR2 gene (transferrin receptor-2) SLC40A1 gene (ferroportin disease) FTH1 gene (mutation in the iron responsive element of H-ferritin ( FTH1 ) mRNA) Transfusional iron overload: Transfusional iron overload typically affects patients with hematologic disorders who require chronic red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, such as: Transfusion-dependent thalassemia Sickle cell disease Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) Ineffective erythropoiesis: Expanded erythroid marrow of patients with ineffective erythropoiesis results in erythroblast-mediated release of which inhibits the synthesis of hepcidin in the liver, resulting in increased iron absorption in the gut

Importantly, serum B12 levels can be misleadingly normal or even elevated in chronic liver disease due to increased levels of binding proteins (such as haptocorrin) and reduced clearance, meaning that total B12 measurements may not accurately reflect tissue B12 status or functional deficiency

PMID 29436502

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Breast cancer: a review of the literature