Modified-release hydrocortisone partially mitigates these effects, and GC receptor polymorphisms further modulate individual susceptibility Table 5
In Europe, only Moldova, Kosovo, and, most recently, the United Kingdom mandate fortification of food with folic acid 693
Rickettsia rickettsiae Parasitic Liver flukesa Heartworms and caval syndrome Drugs and Anesthetics Anticonvulsants and Sedatives Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Drugs Glucocorticoids (dogs) Acetaminophen (dogs and cats) Carprofen and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (dogs) Antimicrobials and Parasiticides Diethylcarbamazine (dogs) Doxycycline (dogs) Griseofulvin (cats) Itraconazole (dogs and cats) Ketoconazole (dogs and cats) Mebendazole (dogs) Oxibendazole (dogs) Sulfonamides (dogs) Terbinafine (dogs) Tetracycline (dogs and cats) Thiacetarsamide (dogs) Anesthetics Halothane (dogs) Methoxyflurane (dogs) Miscellaneous Herbal and Dietary Supplements Biologic Toxins Aflatoxin Amanita mushrooms Blue-green algae Cycads (Sago palms) Hornet stings Indigofera linnaei (legume) Food Additives Xylitol (sugar substitute)(dogs) Chemicals Carbon tetrachloride Dimethylnitrosamine Dinitrophenol Pine oil Heavy metals (e.g., copper, lead, iron, arsenic) Organochloride pesticides Phenols Many others Metabolic Disorders Acute pancreatitis Hemolytic anemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation Hepatic copper accumulationa Inflammatory bowel disease Feline hepatic lipidosis Neoplastic Disorders Carcinoma (biliary, pancreatic) Lymphoma Malignant histiocytosis Hypoxic/Ischemic Disorders Shock Liver lobe torsion Thromboembolic disease Congestive heart failure Miscellaneous Trauma Heat stroke History of Dogs and Cats with Liver Disease A properly taken history is pivotal to defining the most clinically relevant problems that need to be resolved
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Goals are to control the disease and produce pigmentation, and may include surgical treatments, melanocyte culture, or cosmetic treatments
