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Most transporters share the specific transport capacity with other neutral or cationic amino acids

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These compounds are divided into two classes: those with direct antibacterial activity are called antimicrobial non-antibiotics, while the second group consists of helper compounds and macrophage modulators.1820 The most well-known non-antibiotic compounds are phenothiazines,21 chlorpromazine, thioridazine,22,23 the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac,24 antihistamines such as promethazine and diphenhydramine, and cardiovascular drugs such as amlodipine, dobutamine, lacidipine, nifedipine, and oxyfedrine.2527 The exact mechanism of non-antibiotic action has not been determined but they have been proposed to modify cell permeability and affect potassium and calcium efflux pumps in susceptible bacteria

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Younis NS, Elsewedy HS, Shehata TM, Mohamed ME (2021) Geraniol averts methotrexate-induced acute kidney injury via Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 and MAPK/NF-B pathways