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J Neurosci Res 75:536543 Sagara J, Makino N, Bannai S (1996) Glutathione efflux from cultured astrocytes

and alkaloids like berberine predominantly target AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent metabolic reprogramming, indirectly suppressing mTOR-driven growth (Hashim et al., 2024

Available treatments such as levodopa, dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors offer only symptomatic relief however, they do not treat the underlying neurodegeneration, emphasising the need for neuroprotective management

Liang Y, Zhong G, Ren M, Sun T, Li Y, Ye M, Ma C, Guo Y, Liu C (2023) the role of ubiquitin-proteasome system and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease

Vigolo, V., Gautier, C., Falomo, M