glutathione shuttle The Science and Translation of Lactate Theory: Cell Metabolism Astrocyte–neuron lactate-shuttle Hypothesis. First described

doi:10.1007/s12325-011-0027-z

How to prevent Vitamin B12 Deficiency Although eating B12-rich sources of food (red meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk and dairy produce) can be a simple way to prevent becoming deficient, it may not be enough

The resulting mitochondrial disruption not only triggers apoptosis but also stimulates innate immune pathways, including the NLRP3 inflammasome and the cGASSTING axis, amplifying local inflammation and enhancing immune surveillance [282]

In man, uncontrolled activity of calpains has been associated with muscular and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, multiple sclerosis, and arthritis, and the terapeutic effect of specific calpain inhibitors was suggested [134, 135]

It is essential for the maintenance of healthy nerve cells and the production of DNA and red blood cells