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Mitophagy Although MLCS represents a novel mechanism of organelle crosstalk that is independent of mitophagy, studies have indicated that these contacts are linked to mitophagy (Juhl et al., 2021

It is reasonably speculated that some viruses have evolved to remodel the autophagic process for their own benefit during replication 53,54

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), sense microbial components and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering activation of signaling cascades such as NF-B, MAPK, and inflammasomes (e.g., NLRP3), which further amplify the inflammatory response [40]

Cell wall development was impaired, showing blurred edges, while grana lamellae became separated and mitochondria appeared damaged (Fig