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Vegans and Vegetarians: B12 is found almost exclusively in animal products, so those on plant-based diets must use fortified foods or supplements Older Adults: reduced stomach acid can decrease B12 absorption from food as we age People with Pernicious Anemia: this autoimmune condition prevents the body from making intrinsic factor, a protein needed for B12 absorption Individuals with Gastrointestinal Conditions: diseases like Crohn's or Celiac disease can impair nutrient absorption Patients Who Have Had Gastric Surgery: procedures like gastric bypass can reduce the body's ability to absorb B12 Certain Medications: drugs such as Metformin and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can interfere with B12 absorption Medically-Approved vs

Choosing between these peptides requires understanding not just what the data shows, but what the data means for real-world use

Chemotherapy and radiation can irritate the gut lining and oral mucosa, causing discomfort, inflammation, and digestive challenges

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Edited and reproduced under Creative Commons 4.0 CC-BY from Hattori, N., Niwa, T., Kimura, K., Helin, K