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Microglial homeostasis requires balanced CSF-1/CSF-2 receptor signaling

Existing polyphenol interventions show that daily intake (over 4 to 8 weeks) of berry-, grape-, or apple-derived products can modestly lower fasting TMAO (3639), yet none of these has examined how polyphenol-rich interventions influence full 48-h post-OCC plasma TMAO profiles from precursors such as L-carnitine

Vitamin B12 injections deliver a purified form of vitamin B12 directly into the muscle or under the skin, bypassing the digestive system for rapid absorption

Summary Despite available treatment options, managing abdominal pain in IBS-C and FC remains challenging due to heterogeneous pathophysiology and limited targeted therapies

But there were hints that it might have another function