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Dietary supplementation with specific amino acids has been shown to mitigate these stress effects by enhancing immune responses, reducing cortisol levels, and improving antioxidant defence mechanisms

Further exploration of the lactylation mechanism within the TME, the discovery of novel regulatory targets, the development of therapeutics targeting lactylation-related enzymes and proteins, the integration of these approaches with conventional treatment modalities, and the enhancement of immunotherapeutic strategies are promising avenues to improve cancer treatment outcomes, offering new hope and expanding the array of treatment options for patients with cancer

GSH is synthesized exclusively in the cytosol in two consecutive ATP-requiring steps, the first of which, and rate limiting, being -glutamylcysteine formation by glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL)

All of the previously mentioned pathophysiological conditions are linked to oxidative stress

Polymer delivery systems offer a versatile platform for enhancing the delivery and efficacy of peptide-based therapeutics