l-carnitine function transport long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria Metabolism: The carnitine shuttle and acid metabolism (practice) Long chain fatty acid activation,

Glossary ACOX Acyl-CoA oxidase AD Alzheimers disease ALD Alcoholic liver disease ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide ATGL Adipose triglyceride lipase A Amyloid Beta BHMT Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase BMI Body mass index BNP B-type natriuretic peptide cIMT carotid intima-media thickness CKD Chronic kidney diseases CntA/B Carnitine oxygenase/reductase CPT1 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 CRC Colorectal cancer CRP C-reactive protein CutC Choline TMA-lyase CVDs Cardiovascular diseases Cyp7a1 Cholesterol 7-hydroxylase DKD Diabetic kidney disease DM Diabetes mellitus DMB 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol DOX Doxorubicin ER Endoplasmic reticulum FAS Fatty acid synthase FGF Fibroblast growth factor FLI Fatty liver index FMO3 Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 FoxO1 Forkhead box O1 FXR farnesoid X receptor G6pc Glucose-6-phosphatases GABA Betaine/-aminobutyric acid GrdH Glycine betaine reductase Hcy Homocysteine HF Heart failure ICAM-1 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 IL Interleukin IRS1 Insulin receptor substrate 1 MCD Methionine and choline deficient diet MetS Metabolic syndrome mGFR measured Glomerular filtration rate NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NASH Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NF-B Nuclear factor-B NLRP3 NOD-like receptor protein 3 NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide PC Phosphatidylcholine Pck1 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PD Parkinsons disease PE Phosphatidylethanolamine PERK Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase PKB Protein kinase B PPAR Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ROS Reactive oxygen species SAH S-adenosylhomocysteine SAM S-adenosylmethionine SOD2 Superoxide dismutase 2 SREBPs Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins T2DM Type-2 diabetes mellitus TG Triglyceride TGF- Transforming growth factor tHcy total homocysteine TMA Trimethylamine TMAO Trimethylamine N-oxide TNF Tumor necrosis factor VAI Visceral adiposity index VCAM-1 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 VLDL Very low-density lipoprotein -MHC Beta-myosin heavy chain BB -butyrobetaine References 1 AbdelmalekM

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