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Klwer M , M Latif, H Ding, RJ Greatbatch and W Park, 2014

Numerous factors including low water solubility, poor intestinal permeability, instability at alkaline pH, and fast metabolism contribute to curcumins limited oral bioavailability

Abstract In contrast to the multiple disease-modifying therapies that are available for relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapeutic options for progressive MS (PMS) are limited

This has been attributed to increased mechanical fragility (iron deficient RBC are more rigid and more likely to fragment as they traverse through small capillaries under high shear), however oxidative injury to red blood cells is likely contributing to keratocyte formation (Yoo et al 2009) (given that antioxidant enzymes in red blood cells, such as glutathione peroxidase, contain iron)

Metformin also functions as an insulin sensitizer, and it decreases intestinal glucose absorption (Gold Standard 2015c)