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The polysaccharide capsule protects the bacterium from phagocytosis, serum killing, and enhances its ability to survive and infect the host (Struve and Krogfelt, 2003)

Conclusion: The hydrophobic secondary BAs are the major factors that induce PSC via the liver-large intestine axis by promoting periductal fibrosis and large intestinal leakage

Amino acid transporter LAT3 is required for podocyte development and function

In addition, another major ethanol-metabolizing enzyme is cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), a microsomal enzyme that is significantly induced by ethanol consumption (45)

Treatment schedule consists of two initial PE-A5% sessions on consecutive days followed by every other day PE-A5% (minimum 4, maximum 9 PE-A5%)