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doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590855 Received 03 August 2020 Accepted 18 September 2020 Published 15 October 2020 Volume 11 - 2020 Edited by Efstratios Stratikos, National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos, Greece Reviewed by Marcin Poreba, Wrocaw University of Science and Technology, Poland Akira Hattori, Kyoto University, Japan Updates Copyright 2020 Hallberg and Larhed

Mechanisms of Hair Growth Stimulation Mechanisms involve: VEGF and HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) production stimulation Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway activation Dermal thickening promotion Improved scalp circulation Reduced follicle inflammation DHT Protection Mechanisms DHT protection occurs through copper ions showing up to 90% inhibition of type 1 5-alpha reductase at specific concentrations, with greater specificity for type 1 (hair-damaging) than type 2 (prostate)

Copper delivery activates superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase, reducing ROS by 50% in UV-irradiated keratinocytes (Borkow et al., 2024)

Mixing incompatible ingredients Applying copper peptides simultaneously with vitamin C, strong acids, or retinoids ranks as the most common efficacy-destroying mistake

A demonstrated benefit at lower depths (0.25mm) equivalent to 0.5mm would shift toward gentler protocols