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However, in addition to the effects described above there are well-documented increases in alveolar oxidative stress 53,58,73-77 and decreased antioxidant levels, 54,55,59,78,79 impairment of surfactant protein D (SP-D) structure and function, 80-82 reduced secretion of antimicrobial peptides, 83-85 impaired transport of IgA into alveolar space, 86 changes to the metabolic profile, 87-89 and alterations in the pulmonary microbiota

Kevin Ii, Meujo, & Hamann, 2009

However, the effects vary depending on product concentration, preparation methods, and species, reflecting the complexity of these interventions

Kshirsagar AD, Mohite R, Aggrawal AS, Suralkar UR

Notably, it has been observed that expression levels of activation genes in dermal papilla cells are significantly decreased when these cells are grown in cell culture conditions 12