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In this sense, some studies suggest that the cytokine storm that is present, especially in more severe COVID-19 patients, may activate the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) enzyme and, consequently, culminate in a drastic reduction of tryptophan, increases in toxic metabolites of the kynurenine pathway, and depression (Bouas et al

Environmental exposures (cigarette/e-cigarette smoke, air pollutants) disrupt pulmonary immune homeostasis, exacerbating disease severity through amplified inflammatory responses (55)

Moreover, curcumin is testified to induce mitophagy by its mitochondria-targeting peculiarity, which triggers the overactivity of SDH and superabundant ROS generation [298]

Ethanol augments RANTES/CCL5 expression in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and human endothelial cells via activation of NF-kappa B, HIF-1 alpha, and AP-1

KPV, a peptide derived from alpha-MSH, suppresses inflammation in models of colitis PMID: 17786027 World J Gastroenterol