The drug substance is the hydroxylated active form of vitamin B12 and is a large molecule in which a trivalent cobalt ion is coordinated in four positions by a tetrapyrol (or corrin) ring
Most patients tolerate the protocol well
The supplement market offers B12 products containing 1,0005,000 micrograms per dose, vastly exceeding the recommended nutrient intake of 1.5 micrograms daily for adults
In the UK, hydroxocobalamin is the standard licensed preparation for injection, as recommended by NICE and the BNF, due to its superior retention in the body
Using theoretical calculations and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, we designed and constructed a thermodynamically stable ionic liquid (IL)-based microemulsion (IL-M), which integrates the high drug solubility of ILs and high skin permeability of microemulsions, thus improving the local delivery of copper peptides by approximately three-fold while retaining their biological function