b12 injections and liver disease Frontiers Can Vitamin B12 (Vit B12)

Acquired causes of B12 deficiency can be 1) dietary, especially in vegetarian and vegan populations, 2) autoimmune, as seen in pernicious anaemia, where there is destruction of IF-producing parietal cells mediated by autoantibodies, 3) iatrogenic secondary to disruption of the acid-base status of the stomach (e.g., with proton pump inhibitor use or metformin), and 4) caused by malfunction of the terminal ileum (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohns disease, gastric bypass or surgical resection)

Different mechanisms

( McGuff Medical

B12 supplements are readily available in oral tablets, oral solutions, mouth sprays, and under-the-tongue tablets, and they range in dosage amounts from 5 mcg to 5,000 mcg depending on the type of supplement

US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements