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One such process that demands large amounts of ATP is ion homeostasis maintained through the activity of ATP-dependent Na + -K + pumps 58

This defined the upper and lower limits and hence the dynamic range of the biosensor response (dotted lines in Fig

However, these drugs are very expensive, have not been shown to prevent colectomy in severe ulcerative colitis (Aratari 2008), and may cause autoimmune diseases, cancer, infections, and viral reactivation syndromes including shingles (Colombel 2004)

It decreases superoxide anion concentration in the vascular cell (27), a mechanism that could counteract the development of hypertension

For a long time, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) was considered as a classic model for oxidative stress, and it can also activate ER stress through modulation of ROS generation (9)