In the 1990s and 2000s, further non-RCT studies in the elderly with or without dementia/AD and low B12 status have also mostly shown no benefit of B12 for cognitive function

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However, for the right person, it may reduce pain and improve day-to-day function for a period of time
Those who undergo GI surgery, like removal of intestines or gastric bypass, may also have difficulty with B12 absorption (4, 5)
Elevations in lipase and amylase levels are commonly seen, often without clinical signs of pancreatitis, making interpretation challenging