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The multi-level example makes it concrete

This is not a problem

The Framingham Heart Study found that elevated B12 at baseline was associated with two markers of impaired kidney function, but, upon follow-up, a previously elevated B12 was not associated with a future diagnosis of either condition meaning poor kidney function most likely caused the elevated B12, not vice versa (McMahon, 2015)

Because B12 touches so many systems, a deficiency can produce a wide range of symptoms that affect you both physically and mentally

[3] NAD+ Injection is supplied by compounding pharmacies as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) sterile powder, typically in vials containing 500 mg of NAD+ per vial