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GPx catalyzes the reduction of hydroperoxides (e.g., H 2 O 2 ) to H 2 O via the oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to its oxidized form (GSSH): or more generally Glutathione peroxidases exhibit a nonsequential ping-pong mechanism involving an oxidation reaction followed by a reduction step (Weaver and Skouta 2022)

Assessing OS biomarkers, including ROS levels, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation products and DNA fragmentation, is critical for detecting redox imbalances

Fibronectin levels were normalized to cellular protein content

Grube A, Donaldson D, Kiely T, Wu L (2011) Pesticides industry sales and usage