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It neutralizes free radicals directly inside the cell, supports the liver's detoxification pathways, and regenerates other antioxidants including Vitamin C and Vitamin E so they remain active longer

However, compared with humans, the ratio of the oral dose to the serum concentration seems to be higher in rats than in humans, making it difficult to directly apply relevant studies to humans (Meftah et al., 2021)

(v) alternatively, pyruvate may yield acetate through neomorphic activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (or other dehydrogenases) in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 169,170 , that in turn yields acetyl-CoA by mitochondrial acetyl-CoA synthetase (Fig

Annu Rev Biochem 63: 175195

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