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The highest-risk breeds include: American Cocker Spaniels: Long recognised for inherited taurine metabolism issues Golden Retrievers: Particularly susceptible to diet-induced deficiency Newfoundlands: Often require higher baseline levels Portuguese Water Dogs: Demonstrated genetic predisposition Labrador Retrievers: Especially those on certain diet types Doberman Pinschers: Higher incidence of DCM with taurine involvement Additional breeds with increased risk: Irish Wolfhounds Saint Bernards English Setters Dalmatians Boxers Scottish Terriers For these predisposed breeds, regular veterinary monitoring is recommended, particularly if they are fed diets that might further compromise taurine status (grain-free, exotic protein, or lamb meal-based diets)

Askew EB, Gampe RT Jr, Stanley TB, Faggart JL, Wilson EM

For best results, consume with a meal

10.1016/S0146-0005(99)80047-0

The effects on your canine's cardiac health might not be visibly obvious without laboratory results, and it can take a few weeks before the full effects kick in