Abbreviations HDAC: Histone deacetylase PTM: Protein post-translational modification SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids GPCRs: G protein-coupled receptors AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Cro: Crotonase/enoyl-CoA hydratase 4hbD: 4-hydroxybutyryl dehydratase Gcd: Glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase Kal: 3-aminobutyryl-CoA ammonia lyase Ptb: Phosphotransbutyrylase Buk: Butyrate kinase EtfAB/Bcd: Electron transferring flavoprotein/butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase BCoAT: Butyryl-CoA: acetate CoA-transferase Ldh: Lactate dehydrogenase Pfor: Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase ACAT1: Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 SCHAD: Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase NaBu: Sodium butyrate HMGCS2: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 CPT1A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 A MCT: Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter SMCT: Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate cotransporter ES: Estrone sulfate ACSS: Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase SCAD: Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase ECHS1: Enoyl-CoA hydratase, short chain 1 Kac: Lysine acetylation Kcr: Lysine crotonylation Kbu: Lysine butyrylation H3K9ac: Histone H3K9 acetylation H3K9bu: Histone H3 lysine 9 butyrylation CBP/p300: CREB-binding protein/E1A binding protein p300 H3K9cr: Histone 3-lysine 9-crotonylation DKD: Diabetic kidney disease HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 USP5: Ubiquitin-specific protease 5 TRAF6: Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 TXNIP: Thioredoxin-interacting protein HAMS: High-amylose maize starch HAMSB: Butylated starch FBA: N-(1-carbamoyl-2-phenyl-ethyl) butyramide TB: Tributyrin STLs: Butyrate-containing structured lipids BNP: Butyric acid-based nanoparticles PEG-NPs: Polyethylene glycol-modified nanoparticles Bu-PEG NPs: Butyrate-functionalized PEG NPs INS: Insulin Sema: Semaglutide BU-NP@INS: Insulin-loaded Bu-PEG NPs BU-NP@Sema: Semaglutide-loaded Bu-PEG NPs BU-NP@Sor: Sorafenib-loaded nanoparticles with butyrate modification RBE: Resveratrol butyrate esters ACA: 1-acetoxychavicol acetate APAP: Acetaminophen GP: Genipin SIL: Silybin DPPC: 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine DSPE-PEG 5k : 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-5000) PEG: Polyethylene glycol NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21 AS: Atherosclerosis Tbx21: T-box transcription factor 21 TILs: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1 CD28: Cluster of differentiation 28 FAO: Fatty acid oxidation Cxcr5: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 5 Bcl6: B-cell lymphoma 6 Tcf7: T-cell factor 7 IL-1: Interleukin-1 Apaf-1: Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 STAT1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1 HIE: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease UC: Ulcerative colitis 5-ASA: Mesalazine/5-aminosalicylic acid BMI: Body mass index MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease References Cummings JH, Pomare EW, Branch WJ, Naylor CP, Macfarlane GT
Di Filippo C et al
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Benefits of methylcobalamin Supports nerve function B12 is essential for maintaining myelin, the protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers
Hepatic lipid accumulation and the role of lipogenesis in NAFLD The predominant lipid species accumulating in the livers of individuals with NAFLD is triglyceride (TG), largely derived from dietary intake, FFAs mobilized from adipose tissue, and hepatic DNL
