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This leads to increased production of anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-10) and antimicrobial peptides, ultimately reducing inflammation (Venegas et al., 2019)

erinaceus polysaccharides promote the synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF), inhibit -amyloid (A) cytotoxicity, and protect neuronal cells from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress or endoplasmic reticulum stress

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However, critical evaluation requires acknowledging limitations: many studies lack the sample sizes and rigorous controls standard for Western regulatory purposes, independent replication has been limited, and long-term safety data in large human cohorts is lacking

A critical outcome of iron-driven lipid peroxidation is the activation of ferroptosis, a regulated, non-apoptotic form of cell death characterised by the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides (80, 81) Ferroptosis is morphologically and biochemically distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, and is uniquely dependent on intracellular iron availability and oxidative lipid damage (8284)