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Katarzyna Otulak-Kozie, [email protected] These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers

11 The result is bioenergetic failure

doi: 10.1021/bi300752r 39 AngeliJPFShahRPrattDAConradM

Alongside impairments in carbohydrate metabolism, evidence of reduced carnitine levels suggest a dysfunction in mitochondrial -oxidation, leading to accumulation of long-chain fatty acids and elevated markers of lipid elongation and desaturation (Filipek et al., 2004

Due to the diverse and nonspecific nature of IC/BPS symptoms, various terminologies have been used in clinical settings to describe the condition 2