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Once valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids have been generated, further microbial degradation of EC proceeds through -oxidation of the side chain, leading to the production of progressively smaller phenolic acids, such as hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and hydroxybenzoic acid (Serra et al., 2011)

It's one of the fundamental mechanisms of aging

doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.014 162

Aging skin desensitizes faster Cellular energy availability limits receptor resensitization Receptor resensitization requires energy, membrane remodeling, protein synthesis, and intracellular trafficking

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