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Addressing Mitochondrial Calcium and Metal Ion Dyshomeostasis Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to excitotoxicity through a reduction in cellular ATP levels, an increase in cellular Ca 2+ , or both (Ludtmann and Abramov, 2018)

Specifically, in ischemic/high-ROS environments, BACH1 tends to be degraded and acts to suppress angiogenesis by inhibiting the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway and recruiting HDAC1, among other mechanisms

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Olaparib, a PARP inhibitor (PARPi), has been demonstrated to not only exacerbate cellular senescence by amplifying DNA damage, upregulating senescence markers (e.g., SA--gal and p21), and inducing irreversible cell cycle arrest, particularly in replicatively senescent macrophages but also trigger mixed apoptotic and necrotic cell death at high doses