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Likewise, ATF6 enhances cytoprotective UPR genes such as Grp78 and Xbp1 during acute stress, but under chronic lipotoxicity, it preferentially targets inflammatory and lipid metabolic genes to amplify macrophage inflammation (156)

Although small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitors, such as liproxstatin-1 and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), have been shown to protect against AKI (14, 15), the detailed pathogenic mechanisms of ferroptosis in the transition of AKI to CKD remain elusive

Crucially, this study identified profound sex-specific differences in how this oxidative stress manifests

Clinical data included age, sex, and whether the child had undergone a splenectomy

Oral immunotherapy should not be attempted without the supervision of a qualified healthcare provider