Documented biological mechanisms More than 100 preclinical studies have documented various GHK-Cu effects, mainly on cultured fibroblasts, skin explants and murine wound healing models: Stimulation of type I and III collagen synthesis in cutaneous fibroblasts Increased elastin and modulation of metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) anti-degradation profile Activation of decorin and glycosaminoglycan synthesis (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate) VEGF induction and angiogenesis documented on chorioallantoic membrane and in vivo Anti-oxidant activity by modulating expression of SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase Broad transcriptomic modulation : microarray studies have shown more than 4000 genes modulated by GHK-Cu on fibroblasts, with a tissue rejuvenation signature Standard experimental models Primary fibroblast cultures human (Hs27, BJ) and murine, concentrations 10-100 g/mL GHK-Cu Ex vivo skin explant models to test penetration and dermal matrix action Murine wound models (excisional wound, burn) with kinetic closure measurement and histology Full-thickness healing models with immunohistochemical staining (collagen I, III, -SMA for myofibroblasts) Matrixyl: the synthetic palmitoyl pentapeptide Structure Matrixyl (Pal-KTTKS, generic name palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 ) is a synthetic pentapeptide Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser derived from the C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen
Therefore, patients with COVID-19 and ITP can present with increased thrombocytopenia and excessive bleeding, mainly in the second stage of the disease [127]
Li, Tay, and colleagues utilized microarray and q-PCR to evaluate the expression of ORs in airway and pulmonary macrophages of mice treated with IFN-, LPS, or IFN-/LPS
doi:10.1002/pmic.200800989
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