2023 census cigarette smoking behaviour by ethnic group regional council Exploring barriers to tobacco cessation in minority patients in the UK Health Equity
Health Equity Patterns of Birth CohortSpecific Smoking Histories by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine Cigarette smoking behaviors and the importance of ethnicity and genetic ancestry Translational Psychiatry Smoking Rates by Country and Gender in some selected countries (as of 2025). Indonesia has the highest smoking rate in the world, especially among men (72.8%). Smoking is deeply embedded in Indonesian Some racial, ethnic groups continue smoking cigarettes at higher rates CDC Online Newsroom CDC
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