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J Clin Invest 90:320325 Kaneto H, Katakami N, Kawamori D et al (2007) Involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes

366 NQO1 inhibition NQO1, overexpressed in cancers but minimally expressed in normal tissues, offers a tumor-specific therapeutic target through redox cycling, generating cytotoxic ROS

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Groups at higher risk of deficiency include older adults (due to reduced stomach acid production), people following vegan or strict vegetarian diets (as B12 is naturally found almost exclusively in animal products), individuals with pernicious anaemia or other malabsorption conditions, those taking certain medications such as metformin or proton pump inhibitors long-term, and people with significant nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), which can inactivate B12 in the body