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This dependence comes in 3 forms: Behavioural addiction, which results from the combination of positive psychoactive effects in specific situations (stress, boredom, drinking coffee or alcohol, social activities) Psychological dependence, resulting from the search for positive psychoactive effects (pleasure, arousal, mood improvements) and the removal of anxiety Physical dependence, especially related to the need to avoid withdrawal symptoms from quitting smoking Over time, the short-term benefits decrease and withdrawal symptoms appear, prompting the addicted person to smoke, not to experience the positive effects, but to avoid the negative effects of withdrawal

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Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , 100 , Article 104149

New York, NY, USA: 1993

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